【2014-01-16(暗物质探寻越走越黑)】物理学家仍无法证明暗物质存在,但它存在的迹象又是实质性的。最近,在美国南达科他州进行的大型地下氙(LUX)项目是迄今为止最灵敏的相关搜索,它报告称,3个月的数据并没有显示暗物质的任何迹象。最可怕的可能性也许是,暗物质是由一些不可能找到的东西组成的: 一些只能通过重力与普通物质相互作用的粒子。

【2013-09-03(追溯空间与时间的原点:《自然》聚焦应对物理学终极挑战四大法宝 )】有什么证据可以说明确实有比空间和时间更基础的东西呢?即使在完全真空的空间里,正在进行加速的宇航员会感觉到自己好像在进行热浴一样。如何统一原子级的量子理论与星球级的广义相对论; 解释黑洞中心无限致密的“奇点”扭曲了时空结构; 在黑洞中心并不存在奇点,而是存在一个可进入空间另一部分的细小的时空隧道; 必然存在一个可以包罗万象的宏大理论; 时空的统计热力学可以自动生成牛顿的万有引力定律......

【2013-08-26(银河系中心发现强磁脉冲星)】在银河系中心发现一颗具有强烈磁场的脉冲星,磁场强度达到地球磁场强度的100万亿倍。位于银河系中心附近的“人马座A”星系中心存在一个超大质量黑洞,而最新发现的脉冲星与这个黑洞的距离可能不到半光年。

【2013-08-18(研究显示银河系质量小于预想)】这两种模拟分别混合不同量的正常物质和暗物质以建立银河系。一种模拟造出的银河系的暗物质环质量相当于8000亿颗太阳的质量,另一个相当于两万亿颗太阳。研究小组发现,较小的那个更符合实际观测的结果。

【2012-09-14(最新研究几乎确定称暗能量真实存在)】暗能量被认为是加速宇宙膨胀的物质。很多科学家认为引力作用会逐渐减慢膨胀的速度,或者引发宇宙在未来某天开始收缩。然而在1998年,两支单独的科研小组发现宇宙的膨胀速度正在加速。紧随着这项令人震撼的发现——其中三项发现获得了2011年诺贝尔物理学奖——科研学者提出了关于暗能量存在的理论,这种神秘的力量不断推动宇宙分离扩张。暗能量存在的可能性达到99.996% , 这种外来的宇宙重要组成部分真实存在, 但科学家对暗能量究竟是什么,仍知之甚少, 不知道它是由什么组成的。(据称,73%的宇宙都是由暗能量组成,23%的宇宙是由同样神秘的暗物质组成,剩下4%则是我们能够看见并感受到的“正常”物质)。

【2012-07-04(德国科学家称首次探测到暗物质)】宇宙中支撑宇宙网的基本架构暗物质首次被清楚地探测到。

【2012-06-14(科学家称宇宙在大爆炸之前就已经存在)】宇宙背景辐射(CMB)图片显示同心圆,这暗示了在大爆炸之前宇宙就已经存在。“其实宇宙已经膨胀(“大爆炸”)和收缩(“内向爆聚”)很多次。”。自140亿年前宇宙诞生起,宇宙背景辐射(CMB)温度就已经冷却到-270度。自诞生后3亿年,恒星和星系开始形成,我们的太阳大约在50亿年后形成,地球上的生命起源于37亿年前。这个研究似乎挑战了传统意义上我们对于宇宙起源提出的膨胀理论,该理论称宇宙始于大爆炸,它将会不断的膨胀直到未来某个时间点终止。彭罗斯教授相信他提出的这种“共形循环宇宙”新理论意味着黑洞将会最终吞噬宇宙中所有物质。根据他的理论,当所有消失,剩下的就只有能量,这将引发新的下一轮大爆炸,产生新的纪元

【2012-06-13(霍金揭开宇宙真实形状:难以置信的超几何体)】我们的宇宙正在加速膨胀,由一种人们还完全不了解的神秘“暗能量”所驱动。

【2012-03-20(时空隧道虫洞 实现时空穿梭)】爱因斯坦在狭义相对论中首次提出虫洞理论。爱因斯坦认为引力只是能量促使下的隐藏的时空扭曲,通常由大质量恒星和星系的能量所致。在爱因斯坦1916年公布其方程式后不久,奥地利物理学家德维希弗·弗拉姆预言宇宙中存在时空隧道。这种虫洞的存在将让打造星系际地铁系统成为一种可能,也许,一个先进程度远超过人类的文明已经借助虫洞构成的星系际地铁系统往返于不同星系之间。迄今为止,所有虫洞都建立在爱因斯坦广义相对论成立这一基础之上。宇宙中存在这样的虫洞吗?可能性极大。

 

霍金:宇宙诞生无需借助上帝之手
(斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金)

2010年9月4日 科技日报

 

  本报讯(记者刘霞)据英国独立报9月2日和每日邮报9月3日(北京时间)报道,英国著名物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金在自己的新书《伟大设计》中表示,宇宙并非上帝所造,现代科学可以解释宇宙的起源,宇宙是在物理定律“M-理论”的作用下,引发大爆炸而形成。

  霍金所指的“M-理论”(一种弦理论)是物理学家试图通过一连串物理定律解释宇宙万物的“物理终极理论”,这一理论尚在艰难的完善过程中。霍金表示,“M-理论”就是爱因斯坦一直梦寐以求的统一场论。

  霍金在《伟大设计》中指出:“由于万有引力等定律的存在,宇宙能够而且也必定是无中生有,自我创造,无须祈求上帝之手让宇宙运转,自我创造是宇宙、人类存在的原因。”

  霍金的此番言论推翻了他早年发表的上帝创造宇宙的思想。1988年,霍金在《时间简史》中认为,创造万物的上帝与科学理解宇宙可以并存。他说:“我们若能发现一套完美的理论,这将是人类理性的终极胜利,因为,届时我们应会理解上帝的心意。”

  新言论也对牛顿的理念提出了质疑,牛顿认为,宇宙由上帝所创造,因为宇宙无法自然地从混沌中产生。

  在新书中,霍金以1992年发现的一颗行星为例,作为推翻牛顿理念的依据。该行星围绕另一颗恒星而不是太阳运行。霍金在书中写到:“这与我们所处的星球环境非常类似:一个太阳、地球与太阳之间的距离以及太阳的质量都恰到好处,这表明,我们所处的星球环境并非如此特别,因此,地球是被上帝精心设计来讨好人类的这一观点也站不住脚。”

  他还据此认为,其他行星上也可能存在生命,也可能有另外的宇宙存在,这就是他所谓的“多重宇宙”观念。

  有些基督教科学家对霍金的观点做出了回应,他们声称,霍金对上帝的理解存在误区,上帝可以解释目前宇宙中很多无法解释的问题。科学和宗教国际社会组织的主席乔治·埃利斯表示,霍金的最新言论把公众带入了一个两难处境:只能在宗教和科学之中选择其一。

  《伟大设计》将于9月9日面世,同《时间简史》一样,该书也由霍金与美国物理学家罗纳德·姆罗迪诺联袂撰写。

  去年,霍金辞去了英国剑桥大学卢卡斯数学教授的职务,这是科学界最为崇高的教职之一,牛顿是第二任,在位33年,而霍金在位也达30年之久。

 

Stephen Hawking 'is like the Taliban to dismiss God over? creation of Universe'

By Niall Firth   Last updated at 10:39 AM on 9th September 2010

 

Renowned astrophysicist Stephen Hawking has been compared to the Taliban over his controversial claim that God is not needed to explain the creation of the universe.

Baroness Greenfield, former head of the Royal Institution, said there was a 'smugness and complacency' in science when it claimed 'to have all the answers'.

In his provocative new book, The Grand Design, Professor Hawking had claimed that modern physics left no room for a Creator - and that science could explain the origins of the universe.

The best-selling author concludes: 'Because there is a law such as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing.

'Spontaneous creation is the reason there is something rather than nothing, why the universe exists, why we exist.

'It is not necessary to invoke God to light the blue touchpaper and set the universe going.'

But Lady Greenfield told the BBC's Today progreamme: 'Science can often suffer from a certain smugness and complacency. Michael Faraday, one of the greatest scientists, had a wonderful quote, he said: ‘There’s nothing quite as frightening as someone who knows they are right’

'What we need to preserve in science is a curiosity and an open-mindedness rather than a complacency and a sort of arrogance where we attack people who come at the big truths and the big questions albeit using different strategies.'


The front cover of 'The Grand Design', published by Random House

Lady Greenfield also said she was uncomfortable with scientist talking about God.

She said: 'Of course they can make whatever comments they like but when they assume, rather in a Taliban-like way, that they have all the answers then I do feel uncomfortable. I think that doesn’t necessarily do science a service.'

Lady Greenfield later said that she 'admired Stephen Hawking greatly' and 'had no wish to compare him in particular to the Taliban'.

But she said: 'All science is provisional and therefore to claim to have the definitive answer to anything is a hardline view. It would be very great shame if young people think that to be a scientist you must be an atheist.'

Professor Hawking's book, which was co-written by American physicist Leonard Mlodinow and published on September 9, sets out to contest Sir Isaac Newton's belief that the universe must have been designed by God as it could not have created out of chaos.

He cites the 1992 discovery of a planet orbiting a star other than our Sun.

'That makes the coincidences of our planetary conditions - the single Sun, the lucky combination of Earth-Sun distance and solar mass - far less remarkable, and far less compelling as evidence that the Earth was carefully designed just to please us human beings.'

Prof Hawking had previously appeared to accept the role of God in the creation of the universe, writing in A Brief History Of Time in 1988: 'If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason - for then we should know the mind of God.'


An image from Hubble that shows the heart of the Milky Way taken in near infra-red light. Prof Hawking says that our existence is the result of physics, not a Supreme Being

He also leaves open the possibility of life on other planets and entire new universes - the so-called 'multiverse'.

HAWKING ON GOD

A Brief History of Time, 1988: If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason - for then we should know the mind of God.

The Grand Design, 2010: It is not necessary to invoke God to light the blue touch paper and set the universe going

Professor Hawking also says that form of complex theoretical physics known as M-theory, a type of string theory, could be the 'holy grail' that will explain everything in the known universe.

Physicists have long sought after a universal theory that unites quantum theory, matter at the sub-atomic level, with gravity which explains how objects interact.

He says: 'M-theory is the unified theory Einstein was hoping to find.

'The fact that we human beings - who are ourselves mere collections of fundamental particles of nature - have been able to come this close to an understanding of the laws governing us and our universe is a triumph'.

Professor Hawking has been quite outspoken in recent months over a number of issues.

In April documentary series, he argued that it is 'perfectly rational' to assume intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.